Carrier Aggregation

IDC forecasts that by 2025 the global datasphere will grow to 163 zettabytes. For the folks at home, that’s 163 trillion gigabytes. Much of this will be mobile data, transmitted in real-time between phones and IoT devices.

As demand for mobile data increases, mobile carriers and manufacturers face a conundrum. There is a finite amount of radio frequency spectrum at any given time, but they must increase capacity and offer faster data speeds to meet user demand. The key is squeezing the most out of existing RF spectrum – and for that, there’s carrier aggregation (CA).

CA is a technique that combines multiple carrier signals – or “channels” – to increase network performance. As consumers, we love CA, because we hate buffering. CA accelerates downloads and uploads, allowing cellular networks to move more data, faster.

Gamers and Instagram influencers, rejoice!

CA is already used to combine multiple 4G LTE-Advanced frequency bands. As we approach 5G, cellular service providers will seek to squeeze even more bandwidth out of existing spectrum by combining as many as five channels.

Small Cells

Cellular base stations connected to cell towers carry signals over the river and through the woods to the dinner table at grandma’s house. Because 5G builds on the 4G foundation, carriers can simply upgrade these towers to support higher 5G frequencies, like 28GHz and 39GHz.

But there’s a catch. These millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies cannot penetrate walls or buildings. Thick walls, frame and cement impede mmWave signals, turning downtown into a dead zone. Plus, being far from a base station is a drag – on your battery life, that is.

This is where small cells come in: mini base stations that act as a relay team to transmit around objects, improve battery life and deliver an extra boost in densely populated areas, like sports stadiums, airports and urban centers. Small cells also help service providers avoid satellite dish syndrome, eliminating expensive rooftop systems while extending coverage.

Massive MIMO

I say, “massive,” you say, “tiny antennas!”

Maybe not, unless you’re an RF engineer familiar with massive MIMO. Massive MIMO is a fancy term for equipping cell towers with more antennas to extend network capacity without requiring more spectrum. Sound familiar?

We’re not talking an antenna or two. Massive MIMO systems have ten times more antennas than traditional MIMO systems to connect to multiple devices at once. At Mobile World Congress this year, Nokia and Sprint demonstrated massive MIMO technology with 64 antennas each for uplink and downlink. According to CIO, this increased capacity by as much as eight times for downloads and as much as five times for uploads.

Massive MIMO has been called the backbone of 5G. Without it, operators could not handle the bandwidth and capacity requirements for the next-generation network. Tiny antennas, massive impact.

Beamforming

… but tiny antennas also cause massive interference problems.

Enter beamforming, and no, that’s not a teleporter. Beamforming technology drives signals directly to the point of use. We see this with many new Wi-Fi routers, where beamforming is used to focus the Wi-Fi signal and improve signal strength and range.

Beamforming is used similiarly in base stations. With this technology, base station antennas focus data streams as they leave the tower, improving speed and reliability for consumer devices.

So, whether you’re video chatting across the country or sharing cat memes across the table, take a moment to thank these 4G technologies for the speed.

Oh, and buckle your seatbelts. We’re going to Plaid.